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葛根研究報告

作者:

1.Jin SE, Son YK, Min BS, Jung HA, Choi JS. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of constituents isolated from Pueraria lobata roots. Arch Pharm Res. 2012 May;35(5):823-37. Epub 2012 May 29.

2: Huang F, Liu K, Du H, Kou J, Liu B. Puerarin attenuates endothelial insulin resistance through inhibition of inflammatory response in an IKKβ/IRS-1-dependent manner. Biochimie. 2012 May;94(5):1143-50. Epub 2012 Feb 1.

3: Lin F, Xie B, Cai F, Wu G. Protective effect of Puerarin on β-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in rat ippocampal neurons. Arzneimittelforschung. 2012 Apr;62(4):187-93. Epub 2012 Jan 25.

4: Zhang MY, Qiang H, Yang HQ, Dang XQ, Wang KZ. In vitro and in vivo effects of puerarin on promotion of osteoblast bone formation. Chin J Integr Med. 2012 Apr;18(4):276-82. doi: 10.1007/s11655-012-1056-4. Epub 2012 Mar 30.

5: Cho HJ, Jun HJ, Lee JH, Jia Y, Hoang MH, Shim JH, Park KH, Lee SJ. Acute Effect of High-dose Isoflavones from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi on Lipid and Bone Metabolism in Ovariectomized Mice. Phytother Res. 2012 Mar 16.

6: Zhang YP, Shi SY, Xiong X, Chen XQ, Peng MJ. Comparative evaluation of three methods based on high-performance liquid chromatography analysis combined with a 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay for the rapid screening of antioxidants from Pueraria lobata flowers. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012 Mar;402(9):2965-76.

7: Han T, Cheng G, Liu Y, Yang H, Hu YT, Huang W. In vitro evaluation of tectoridin, tectorigenin and tectorigenin sodium sulfonate on antioxidant properties. Food Chem Toxicol. 2012 Feb;50(2):409-14. Epub 2011 Nov 4.

8: Tanaka T, Tang H, Yu F, Michihara S, Uzawa Y, Zaima N, Moriyama T, Kawamura Y.Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) vine ethanol extracts improve ovariectomy-induced bone loss in female mice. J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Dec 28;59(24):13230-7. Epub 2011 Nov18.

9: Udomsuk L, Juengwatanatrakul T, Putalun W, Jarukamjorn K. Down regulation of gene related sex hormone synthesis pathway in mouse testes by miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol. Fitoterapia. 2011 Dec;82(8):1185-9. Epub 2011 Aug 11.

10: Guan Q, Guan Q, Lin T, Yin J. Preparation and pharmacokinetics of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with pueraria flavones. J Control Release. 2011 Nov 30;152 Suppl 1:e25-6.

11: Chen R, Xue J, Xie M. Puerarin prevents isoprenaline-induced myocardial fibrosis in mice by reduction of myocardial TGF-β1 expression. J Nutr Biochem. 2011 Nov 11.

12: He K, Li X, Chen X, Ye X, Huang J, Jin Y, Li P, Deng Y, Jin Q, Shi Q, Shu H. Evaluation of antidiabetic potential of selected traditional Chinese medicines in STZ-induced diabetic mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Oct 11;137(3):1135-42.

13: Udomsuk L, Jarukamjorn K, Putalun W, Sakuma T, Kawasaki Y, Nemoto N. Modified expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-related genes by deoxymiroestrol, a phytoestrogen, in mouse hepatocytes in primary culture. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Sep 1;137(1):902-8.

14: Yang R, Wang Q, Zeng H, Qin Z, Li J, Qu L. Determination of puerarin in biological samples and its application to a pharmacokinetic study by flow-injection chemiluminescence. Luminescence. 2011 Sep-Oct;26(5):368-73.

15: Santos CN, Koffas M, Stephanopoulos G. Optimization of a heterologous pathway for the production of flavonoids from glucose. Metab Eng. 2011 Jul;13(4):392-400.

16: Lei Z, Jian-ping G, Shi-qing W, Ze-yang Z, Chao Z, Yongxiong Y. Mechanism of acid tolerance in a rhizobium strain isolated from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi. Can J Microbiol. 2011 Jun;57(6):514-24.

17: Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Yang X, Yu J, Shun S, Wu Y, Zeng Q, Wang T. Puerarin: a novel antagonist to inward rectifier potassium channel (IK1). Mol Cell Biochem. 2011 Jun;352(1-2):117-23.

18: Xing G, Dong M, Li X, Zou Y, Fan L, Wang X, Cai D, Li C, Zhou L, Liu J, Niu Y. Neuroprotective effects of puerarin against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells via a PI3K-dependent signaling pathway. Brain Res Bull. 2011 May 30;85(3-4):212-8.

19: Wong KH, Li GQ, Li KM, Razmovski-Naumovski V, Chan K. Kudzu root: traditional uses and potential medicinal benefits in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Apr 12;134(3):584-607.

20: Bae N, Ahn T, Chung S, Oh MS, Ko H, Oh H, Park G, Yang HO. The neuroprotective effect of modified Yeoldahanso-tang via autophagy enhancement in models of Parkinson’s disease. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Mar 24;134(2):313-22.

21: Yeo J, Kang YM, Cho SI, Jung MH. Effects of a multi-herbal extract on type 2 diabetes. Chin Med. 2011 Mar 4;6:10.

22: Yeh TS, Chan KH, Hsu MC, Liu JF. Supplementation with soybean peptides, taurine, Pueraria isoflavone, and ginseng saponin complex improves endurance exercise capacity in humans. J Med Food. 2011 Mar;14(3):219-25.

23: Udomsuk L, Jarukamjorn K, Tanaka H, Putalun W. Improved isoflavonoid production in Pueraria candollei hairy root cultures using elicitation.Biotechnol Lett. 2011 Feb;33(2):369-74.

24: Cai RL, Li M, Xie SH, Song Y, Zou ZM, Zhu CY, Qi Y. Antihypertensive effect of total flavone extracts from Puerariae Radix. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jan 7;133(1):177-83.

25: Hsiang SW, Lee HC, Tsai FJ, Tsai CC, Yao CH, Chen YS. Puerarin accelerates peripheral nerve regeneration. Am J Chin Med. 2011;39(6):1207-17.

26: Liu Q, Lawrence AJ, Liang JH. Traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of alcoholism: from ancient to modern. Am J Chin Med. 2011;39(1):1-13.

27: Zhang H, Liu Y, Lao M, Ma Z, Yi X. Puerarin protects Alzheimer’s disease neuronal cybrids from oxidant-stress induced apoptosis by inhibiting pro-death signaling pathways. Exp Gerontol. 2011 Jan;46(1):30-7.

28: Li J, Wang G, Liu J, Zhou L, Dong M, Wang R, Li X, Li X, Lin C, Niu Y. Puerarin attenuates amyloid-beta-induced cognitive impairment through suppression of apoptosis in rat hippocampus in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010 Dec 15;649(1-3):195-201.

29: Lee OH, Seo DH, Park CS, Kim YC. Puerarin enhances adipocyte differentiation, adiponectin expression, and antioxidant response in 3T3-L1 cells. Biofactors. 2010 Nov-Dec;36(6):459-67. doi: 10.1002/biof.119.

30: Zhu G, Wang X, Chen Y, Yang S, Cheng H, Wang N, Li Q. Puerarin protects dopaminergic neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity via inhibiting apoptosis and upregulating glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Planta Med. 2010 Nov;76(16):1820-6.

31: Zhou J, Wang H, Xiong Y, Li Z, Feng Y, Chen J. Puerarin attenuates glutamate-induced neurofilament axonal transport impairment. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Oct 28;132(1):150-6.

32: Lam FF, Deng SY, Ng ES, Yeung JH, Kwan YW, Lau CB, Koon JC, Zhou L, Zuo Z, Leung PC, Fung KP. Mechanisms of the relaxant effect of a danshen and gegen formulation on rat isolated cerebral basilar artery. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Oct 28;132(1):186-92.

33: Kim DH, Jung HA, Park SJ, Kim JM, Lee S, Choi JS, Cheong JH, Ko KH, Ryu JH. The effects of daidzin and its aglycon, daidzein, on the scopolamine-induced memory impairment in male mice. Arch Pharm Res. 2010 Oct;33(10):1685-90.

34: Choi YH, Hong SS, Shin YS, Hwang BY, Park SY, Lee D. Phenolic compounds from Pueraria lobata protect PC12 cells against Aβ-induced toxicity. Arch Pharm Res. 2010 Oct;33(10):1651-4.

35: Mun JG, Grannan MD, Lachcik PJ, Rogers RB, Yousef GG, Grace MH, Janle EM, Wu QL, Simon JE, Weaver CM, Lila MA. Tracking deposition of a 14C-radiolabeled kudzu hairy root-derived isoflavone-rich fraction into bone. Exp Biol Med (Maywood).2010 Oct;235(10):1224-35.

36: Gupta KJ, Igamberdiev AU. Kudzu invasion leads to NOx increase and ozone pollution: unraveling possible mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Sep 28;107(39):E153; author reply E154.

37: Malaivijitnond S, Tungmunnithum D, Gittarasanee S, Kawin K, Limjunyawong N. Puerarin exhibits weak estrogenic activity in female rats. Fitoterapia. 2010 Sep; 81(6): 569-76..

38: Chung BH, Cho YL, Kim JD, Jo HS, Won MH, Lee H, Ha KS, Kwon YG, Kim YM. Promotion of direct angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo by Puerariae flos extract via activation of MEK/ERK-, PI3K/Akt/eNOS-, and Src/FAK-dependent pathways. Phytother Res. 2010 Jun;24(6):934-40.

39: Yu HH, Jung SY, Shin MK, Park R, So HS, You YO. Pueraria thunbergiana inhibits cisplatin-induced damage of HEI-OC1 auditory cells through scavenging free radicals. Phytother Res. 2010 Jun;24(6):834-9.

40: Gu L, Yang Y, Sun Y, Zheng X. Puerarin inhibits acid-sensing ion channels and protects against neuron death induced by acidosis. Planta Med. 2010 Apr;76(6):583-8.

41: Zheng Y, Vagal S, Zhu XX, de Waele C, Smith PF, Wang G, Zhang M, Darlington CL. The effects of the Chinese herbal medicine EMF01 on salicylate-induced tinnitus in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010 Mar 24;128(2):545-8.

42: Luo CF, Yuan M, Chen MS, Liu SM, Ji H. Metabolites of puerarin identified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: similar metabolic profiles in liver and intestine of rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2010 Feb 1;878(3-4):363-70.

43: Kim NH, Kim YS, Lee YM, Jang DS, Kim JS. Inhibition of aldose reductase and xylose-induced lens opacity by puerariafuran from the roots of Pueraria lobata. Biol Pharm Bull. 2010;33(9):1605-9.

44: Hu W, Zhang Q, Yang X, Wang Y, Sun L. Puerarin inhibits adhesion molecule expression in tnf-alpha-stimulated human endothelial cells via modulation of the nuclear factor kappaB pathway. Pharmacology. 2010;85(1):27-35.

45: Zhang R, Hu Y, Yuan J, Wu D. Effects of Puerariae radix extract on the increasing intestinal permeability in rat with alcohol-induced liver injury. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Nov 12;126(2):207-14.

46: Weaver CM, Martin BR, Jackson GS, McCabe GP, Nolan JR, McCabe LD, Barnes S, Reinwald S, Boris ME, Peacock M. Antiresorptive effects of phytoestrogen supplements compared with estradiol or risedronate in postmenopausal women using (41)Ca methodology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;94(10):3798-805.

47: Peng N, Prasain JK, Dai Y, Moore R, Arabshahi A, Barnes S, Carlson S, Wyss JM. Chronic dietary kudzu isoflavones improve components of metabolic syndrome in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Aug 26;57(16):7268-73.

48: Luo Y, Chen G, Li B, Ji B, Xiao Z, Yi G, Tian F. Dietary intervention with AHP, a functional formula diet, improves both serum and hepatic lipids profile in dyslipidemia mice. J Food Sci. 2009 Aug;74(6):H189-95.

49: Yuan D, Xie YY, Bai X, Wu X, Yang JY, Wu CF. Inhibitory activity of isoflavones of Pueraria flowers on nitric oxide production from lipopolysaccharide-activated primary rat microglia. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2009 Jun;11(6):471-81.

50: Yan LP, Zhuang YL, Chan SW, Chen SL, Shi GG. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying the endothelium-dependent antivasoconstriction of puerarin in rat aorta. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2009 Jun;379(6):587-97.

51: Kim SH, Heo JH, Kim YS, Kang SS, Choi JS, Lee SM. Protective effect of daidzin against D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatic failure in mice. Phytother Res. 2009 May;23(5):701-6.

52: Tam WY, Chook P, Qiao M, Chan LT, Chan TY, Poon YK, Fung KP, Leung PC, Woo KS. The efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive alternative herbal medicine (Salvia miltiorrhiza and Pueraria lobata) on vascular function and structure in coronary patients. J Altern Complement Med. 2009 Apr;15(4):415-21.

53: Yoo SH, Perera C, Shen J, Ye L, Suh DS, Jane JL. Molecular structure of selected tuber and root starches and effect of amylopectin structure on their physical properties. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Feb 25;57(4):1556-64.

54: Lin YJ, Hou YC, Lin CH, Hsu YA, Sheu JJ, Lai CH, Chen BH, Lee Chao PD, Wan L, Tsai FJ. Puerariae radix isoflavones and their metabolites inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Jan 23;378(4):683-8.

55: Zheng P, Ji G, Ma Z, Liu T, Xin L, Wu H, Liang X, Liu J. Therapeutic effect of puerarin on non-alcoholic rat fatty liver by improving leptin signal transduction through JAK2/STAT3 pathways. Am J Chin Med. 2009;37(1):69-83.

56: Sewell RA. Response of cluster headache to kudzu. Headache. 2009 Jan;49(1):98-105.

57: Yu C, Li Y, Chen H, Yang S, Xie G. Decreased expression of aromatase in the Ishikawa and RL95-2 cells by the isoflavone, puerarin, is associated with inhibition of c-jun expression and AP-1 activity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008 Dec;46(12):3671-6.

58: Zhang HY, Liu YH, Wang HQ, Xu JH, Hu HT. Puerarin protects PC12 cells against beta-amyloid-induced cell injury. Cell Biol Int. 2008 Oct;32(10):1230-7.

天麻

作者:

天麻為蘭科多年生寄生草本植物的塊莖，分布於中國大陸南北各地，主產於四川、雲南、貴州等地。息風止痙，平抑肝陽，袪風通絡為其常見之功效。天麻現代藥理學中，天麻具有鎮靜、抗驚厥、增強耐力、智力及抗衰老、抗炎之多種特殊功效。而在天麻中藥記載中，《神農本草經讀》、《本草備要》、《本草求真》、《本草備要》、《得配本草》等多部經典藥籍亦詳列功效，李時珍也說:補益上藥，天麻第一，世人止用之治風，良可惜也

天麻基本資料

作者:

天麻資料

【品種來源】本品為蘭科多年生寄生草本植物天麻 (Gastrodia elata Bl.)的塊莖。我中國大陸南北各地均有分佈，主產於四川、雲南、貴州等地。冬春季節採集，冬季莖枯時採挖者名「冬麻」，質量優良；春季發芽時採挖者名「春麻」，質量較差。採挖後除去地上莖及鬚根，洗淨，蒸透，曬乾、晾乾或烘乾。用時潤透，切片。

【性味歸經】甘，平。歸肝經。

【功效】息風止痙，平抑肝陽，袪風通絡。

【主治】

  1. 用於肝風內動，驚癇抽搐。天麻入肝，功能息風止痙，且甘潤不烈，作用平和。故可用治各種病因之肝風內動，驚癇抽搐，不論寒熱虛實，皆可配伍應用。如用治小兒急驚風，可將本品與羚羊角、鉤藤、全蝎等藥配伍，即鉤藤飲子；用治小兒脾虛慢驚，則與人參、白朮、白殭蠶等藥配伍，如醒脾丸；用治破傷風痙攣抽搐、角弓反張，又與天南星、白附子、防風等藥配伍，如玉真散。近年用天麻提取有效成份制得香莢蘭醛片，治療癲癇大、小發作有效。

  2. 用於眩暈，頭痛。天麻既息肝風，又平肝陽，故為止眩暈之良藥。用治肝陽上亢之眩暈、頭痛，常與鉤藤、石決明、牛膝等同用，如天麻鉤藤湯；用治風痰上擾之眩暈、頭痛，常與半夏、白朮、茯苓等同用，如半夏白朮天麻湯。近年應用密環菌片治療高脂血症，可使血清膽固醇、血清甘油三脂等明顯下降，同時收縮壓或舒張壓亦有不同程度下降，頭昏、頭痛、胸悶等症狀也有好轉。

  3. 用於肢麻痙攣抽搐，風濕痹痛。天麻還有袪外風，通經絡的作用。用治風中經絡手足不遂、肢體麻木、痙攣抽搐等症，常與川芎同用，如天麻丸；用治風濕痹痛關節屈伸不利者，多與秦艽、薑活、桑枝等袪風濕藥同用，如秦艽天麻湯。現臨床用20%天麻針劑，肌肉注射，治療坐骨神經痛、三叉神經痛及眶上神經痛等症，止痛頗效。

【文獻別錄】

  1. 《本經》：「久服益氣力，長陰，肥健，輕身，增年。」

  2. 《開寶本草》：「主諸風濕痹，四肢拘攣，小兒風癇、驚氣，利腰膝，強筋力。」

  3. 《本草匯言》：「主頭風，頭痛，頭暈虛旋，癲癇強痙，四肢攣急，語言不順，一切中風，風痰。」

【用法用量】3～10克，煎服。1～1.5克，研末沖服。

天麻現代藥理學

作者:

天麻現代藥理學資料

本品含香英蘭醇、香英蘭醛、維生素A類物質、甙、結晶性中性物質及微量生物鹼、粘液質。天麻有降低外周血管和冠狀血管阻力，降壓，減慢心率及鎮痛作用。天麻多糖有免疫活性。

天麻在《本經》名赤箭。天麻必須與密環菌共生，其生長繁殖過程中與密環菌結成極密切的營養關係。近年研究證明，密環菌的固體培養物質具有與天麻相似的藥理作用和臨床療效，故密環菌可代天麻藥用，密環菌片等已應用於臨床。

天麻現代藥理學研究

  1. 天麻有鎮靜作用。

  2. 天麻有抗驚厥作用。

  3. 天麻有增強耐力、智力及抗衰老作用。

  4. 天麻有抗炎作用。

  5. 天麻有增強機體非特異性免疫及增強機體細胞免疫的作用。

  6. 天麻能改善心肌缺血、缺氧狀況；能降低血流圖波幅，使已擴張的腦血管收縮，調整腦血管功能。

  7. 天麻有促病毒誘生干擾素作用，對新城雞瘟病毒有直接抑制作用。

  8. 天麻素能夠使兔原位小腸張力和收縮力增強。

  9. 天麻所含香芙蘭醇有促進膽汁分泌的作用。

  10. 天麻能使小鼠皮膚溫度升高。

  11. 天麻能抑制小鼠疼痛反應。

天麻中藥記載(1)

作者:

神農本草經讀

赤箭

【性味】 辛、溫，無毒。

【功效】 主殺鬼精物，蠱毒惡風。久服益氣力，長陰肥健。

【集注】

張隱庵曰：

  • 赤箭氣味辛溫，其根名天麻者，氣味甘平。

  • 蓋赤箭辛溫屬金，金能制風，而有弧矢之威，故主殺鬼精物。

  • 天麻甘平屬土，土能勝濕，而居五運之中，故能治蠱毒惡風。

  • 天麻形如芋魁，有遊子十二枚周環之，以倣十二辰十二子，在外應六氣之司天。

  • 天麻如皇極之居中，得氣運之全，故功同五芝，力倍五參，為仙家服食上品，是以久服益氣力，長陰肥健。

李時珍曰：

  • 補益上藥，天麻第一，世人止用之治風，良可惜也！

本草備要

天麻 (宣袪風)

辛溫，入肝經氣分。益氣強陰，通血脈，強筋力，疏痰氣。治諸風眩掉，頭旋眼黑，語言不遂，風溼頑痹，小兒驚癇。 血液衰少，及類中風者忌用。 根類黃瓜，莖名「赤箭」。有風不動，無風反搖，一名「定風草」。明亮堅實者佳。濕紙包煨熟，切片，酒浸一宿，焙用。

【註】

  1. 音頑。

  2. 諸風眩掉，皆屬肝木，肝病不能榮筋，故見前證。天麻入厥陰而治諸疾，肝氣和平，諸疾自瘳。

  3. 風藥能燥血故也。昂按風藥中須兼養血藥，治其燥也；養血藥或兼搜風藥，宣其滯也。古云治風先治血，血行風自滅。

天麻中藥記載(2)

作者:

天麻《本經》

天麻為蘭科植物天麻的乾燥塊莖。野生或栽培。主產於四川、貴州、湖北、陝西等地。原植物喜生於海拔1200～1800米的林下濕地、腐殖質較厚的地方。喜涼爽、濕潤環境、怕凍、怕高溫、怕積水，以土層石斛、疏鬆肥沃、土壤微酸性、排水良好的砂質壤土最宜生長。味甘、辛，性平。歸肝經。功效息風止痙、平抑肝陽、祛風通絡。臨床用名有天麻、酒天麻。

【本草匯言】

《神農本草經》：味辛，溫。主殺鬼精物，蠱毒，惡氣。久服益氣力，長陰肥健。

《本草拾遺》：寒。主熱毒癰腫，搗莖葉傅之。亦取子作飲，去熱氣。

《藥性論》：又名定風草。味甘，平。能治冷氣疹痺，癱緩不遂，語多恍惚，多驚失志。

《日華子本草》：味甘，暖，助陽氣，補五勞七傷，鬼疰，蠱毒，通血脈，開竅，服無忌。

《開寶本草》：味辛，平，無毒。主諸風濕痺，四肢拘攣，小兒風癇驚氣，利腰膝，強筋力。

《本草衍義》：用根，須別藥相佐使，然後見其功，仍須加而用之。

《藥類法象》：治頭風，風痰眩運頭痛。諸風濕痺，四肢拘攣，小兒風癇驚氣。利腰膝，強筋骨。

《藥性賦》：味辛，平，無毒。降也，陽也。其用有四：療大人風熱頭眩，治小兒風癇驚悸；祛諸風麻痺不仁，主癱瘓語言不遂。

《湯液本草》：氣平，味苦，無毒。

《象》云：治頭風。

《本草》云：主諸風濕痺，四肢拘攣，小兒風癇驚氣，利腰膝，強筋力。其苗名定風草。

《本草衍義補遺》：氣平和，味苦。一名定風草，即此是也。其苗名赤箭。主諸風濕痺、四肢拘攣，小兒癇驚及諸虛眩暈，非此不能除也。

《本草發揮》：潔古云：治風痰眩運頭痛。

《本草綱目》：天麻，乃肝經氣分之藥。《素問》：諸風掉眩，皆屬風木。故天麻入厥陰之經而治諸病。羅天益云：眼黑頭旋，風虛內作，非天麻不能治。天麻乃定風草，故為治風之神藥。今有久服之遍身發出紅丹者，是其祛風之驗也。

《本草經疏》：天麻得土之辛味，兼感天之陽氣以生，故其味辛氣平無毒。大明云：暖。浮而升，陽也。入足厥陰經。厥陰為風木之臟，諸風濕痺，四肢拘攣，小兒風癇驚氣，皆肝臟為邪氣所客致病。天麻入肝，味辛氣暖，能逐風濕外邪，則肝氣平和，前證自瘳矣。肝主筋，位居於下，故能利腰膝，強筋力也。風濕纏注則身重氣乏，能除風濕則身自輕，氣自益也。凡頭風眩暈，與夫痰熱上壅，以致頭痛及眩，或四肢濕痺麻木，小兒風癇驚悸等證，所必須之藥。
簡誤：風藥多燥，風能勝濕故也。凡病人覺津液衰少，口乾舌燥，咽乾作痛，及南方似中風，皆禁用之。

《本草蒙筌》：味辛、苦，氣平。無毒。治小兒風疳驚悸，療大人風熱頭眩。驅濕痺拘攣，主癱瘓蹇滯。通血脈開竅，利腰膝強筋。諸毒癰疽，并堪調愈。再考赤箭，原號定風。益氣力強陰，下支滿除疝。殺鬼精蟲毒，消惡氣腫癰。

《別說》：天麻言根，用之有自內達外之理；赤箭言苗，用之有自表入裡之功。蓋根則抽苗徑直而上，豈非自內達外乎？苗則結子，成熟而落，反從幹中而下，至土而生，又非自表而入裡乎？以此而觀，粗可識其內外主治之理也。

《藥性解》：味辛，性平，無毒，入肝、膀胱二經。療大人風熱眩暈，治小兒驚悸風癇，祛諸風麻痺不仁，主癱瘓語言不遂，利腰膝，強筋力，活血脈，通九竅，利週身，療癰腫。無畏忌。苗名赤箭，主用略同。
按：天麻去風，故入厥陰；去濕，故入膀胱。真有風濕，功效若神。癰腫之症，濕生熱也，宜亦治之。赤箭用苗，有自表入裡之功；天麻用根，有自內達外之理。不宜同劑，反致無功。

《藥鑒》：氣平，味苦辛，無毒。治小風癇驚悸，療大人風熱頭眩。驅濕痺拘攣，主癱瘓蹇滯。通血脈開竅，利腰膝強筋。痘毒可解，癰疽堪愈。何者？蓋痘毒癰疽，俱自臟腑而達之表也，此劑有自內而達外之理，苦以制熱，固矣。然熱從何處出也？又有辛以散毛竅，使風熱之毒悉從毛竅中出也。

《景岳全書》：味辛，平，陰中有陽。治風虛眩暈頭旋，眼黑頭痛，諸風濕痺，四肢拘攣，利腰膝，強筋骨，安神志，通血脈，止驚恐恍惚，殺鬼精蟲毒及小兒風癇驚氣。然性懦力緩，用須加倍，或以別藥相佐，然後見功。

天麻中藥記載(3)

作者:

《本草備要》：宣，祛風。

辛溫，入肝經氣分。益氣強陰，通血脈，強筋力，疏痰氣。治諸風眩掉，頭旋眼黑，語言不遂，風濕頑痺，小兒驚癇。諸風眩掉，皆屬肝木。肝病不能榮筋，故見前證，天麻入厥陰而治諸疾，肝氣和平，諸疾自瘳。血液衰少及類中風者忌用，風藥能燥血故也。昂按：風藥中須兼養血藥，制其燥也；養血藥或兼搜風藥，宣其榜。古云：治風先治血，血行風自滅。根類黃瓜，莖名赤箭。有風不動，無風反搖，一名定風草。

《本經逢原》：天麻《經》名離母，一名定風草，莖名赤箭，辛平微溫，無毒。
天麻味辛濃厚，性開屬陽，為肝家氣分藥，故肝虛不足，風從內生者，天麻、川芎以補之。諸風掉眩，眼黑頭旋，風虛內作，非天麻不治。小兒驚痰風熱，服天麻即消。天麻乃定風草，久服則遍身發出紅斑，是驅風之驗也。按天麻性雖燥，畢竟風劑，如血虛無風，火炎頭痛，口乾便閉者，不可妄投。《本經》言殺鬼精物蠱毒惡氣者，以其能定風，鎮八方之邪氣也。久服益氣力，長陰肥健者，其性屬陽，陽生則陰長也。

《本草崇原》：天麻甘平屬土，土能勝濕，而居五運之中，故治蠱毒惡氣。天麻形如芋魁，有遊子十二枚，周環之以仿十二辰。十二子在外，應六氣之司天，天麻如皇極之居中，得氣運之全，故功同五芝，力倍五參，為仙家服食之上品。
李時珍曰：補益上藥，天麻為第一。世人止用之治風，良可惜也。

《本草求真》：﹝批﹞宣散肝經氣鬱虛風。
天麻專入肝。辛平微溫無毒，性升屬陽，為肝家氣分定風藥。蓋諸風眩掉，皆屬肝木，肝鬱不能榮筋，故見頭旋眼黑，語言不遂等症。天麻乃辛平之味，能於肝經通脈強筋，疏痰利氣，辛而不燥，得氣之平，則肝虛風作，自爾克治，故又名為定風草。若久服則遍身發出紅斑，是驅風之驗也。是以小兒驚癇，亦用此味以治。若使肝虛在血，症見口乾便閉及犯類中等症者，切不宜服，以其辛能燥血者故耳。血燥須用養血之劑，則風不除而自去矣。古云：治風先治血，血行風自滅。

《得配本草》：辛，溫。入足厥陰經氣分。止風虛眩暈，通血脈九竅，治癇定驚，殺鬼疏痰。有自內達外之功。
配川芎，治肝虛頭痛；肝氣喜暢。配白朮，去濕。
肝虛則勁，膽不滋養，則風動於中，此肝膽性氣之風，非外感天氣也。天麻定肝膽之內風，但血虛者，畏其助火，火熾則風益勁。宜於補血之劑加此為使，然亦不可久用，多則三四服而止。

《本經疏證》：或曰陽極變陰，發轉為斂，天麻之莖實有焉，宜乎能出陽入陰，為功甚詎，今觀本經別錄所著，一若殊狹何哉？曰循環之數，天地僅足自主，不能制物也，火然而難離，水流而莫返，能使不淨盡無餘，其用已不小，何況水火之相遭，火金之相鑠，餘燼遺碌，珍藏什襲，不令同腐敗者均為棄物，其功詎不大哉？肌肉以火而丰，陰以火而強，力以火而大，氣以火而盛，然皆具往而不返之機，其取義猶赤莖之直上，支節不生，而孰知竟其所至，轉陽為陰，遂生六棱之實，且不墮他所，仍入莖葉而歸根覆命，是其往而能返，謂之益氣力，長陰肥健，不亦可乎？然則有遊子十二圍環其根又何義？夫以環於中而言，則脾胃也，以十二而言，則臟腑之數也，經脈之數也。臟腑經脈以氣血而環週一身，氣之所歸氣海也，血之所歸血海也，氣旋繞於上則支滿，旋繞於下則為疝氣，血離而旋繞他所則下血，氣血并而旋繞他所則癰腫，皆瘦削陰痿無力少氣之根，得歸其所當歸，不旋繞其不當旋繞，則不特益氣力，長陰肥健，且消癰腫支滿疝下血焉。是本經述其正面，別錄抉其底蘊矣，主蠱毒惡氣者，俾正氣不助為虐，是取其功用，殺鬼精物者，彤矢為陰類所畏，是取其形象也。
天麻在方書云療風，惟羅氏謂其治風，大明謂其助陽氣，兩說不相謀，果孰是耶？夫人身惟陰陽合和以為氣，而風木由陰以達陽，故陰虛則風實，陽虛則風虛，助陽氣者正所以補風虛也，是故虛風為病，有緣於清陽不升，濁陰不降，致肝木生發之氣不得暢而生者；有因脾胃有病，致土敗木侮而生者。天麻為物，根則抽苗直上，有自內達外之理，苗則結子下歸，有自表入裡之象，即其有風不動，無風自搖，乃暢其風之鬱而不使濫，靜鎮其風之變而不使群動，暢風鬱，乃自內達外之功，鎮風變，乃自表入裡之效，就其一往一來而已，能使靜作動返動為靜，是其功用斷在根而不在苗。風為六氣之首，人身元氣通天之本也，元氣出於地，風化即與之并育并行，故其治小兒驚氣風癇（開寶），眩暈頭痛（元素），皆風虛之不能達於陽也，可謂自內達外，然亦不外乎自表入裡之體；其治諸風濕痺（開寶），冷氣弔痺癱緩不隨（甄權），可謂自表入裡，然即具有自內達外之用。是則天麻之用，殆亦侈乎？所云木乘土虛，是木居其實矣，何以亦曰風虛？蓋胃者五臟六腑之本，食氣入胃，首即散精於肝，中土虛則風木之化源傷，可不謂風虛乎？就風氣之能達，是為宣陰，挽風氣之能回，是為和陽，和陽則所謂自表入裡者也，宣陰則所謂自內達外者也。

《本草新編》：天麻，味辛、苦，氣平，無毒。入肺、脾、肝、膽、心經。能止昏眩，療風去濁，治筋骨拘攣癱瘓，通血脈，開竅，余皆不足盡信。此有損無益之藥，似宜刪去。然外邪甚盛，壅塞於經絡血脈之間，舍天麻又何以引經，使氣血攻補之味，直入於受病之中乎。故必須備載。但悉其功用，自不致用之之誤也。總之，天麻最能祛外來之邪，逐內閉之痰，而氣血兩虛之人，斷不可輕用耳。
或問天麻世人多珍之，何先生獨戒人以輕用乎？曰：余戒人輕用者，以天麻實止可祛邪。無邪之人用之，未有不受害者也。余所以言其功，又示其過，慮世之誤用以損人也。

《本草分經》：辛，溫。入肝經氣分。通血脈，疏痰氣，治諸風掉眩。

菊花

作者:

本品為菊科多年生草本植物菊 (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) 的頭狀花序。由於產地、花色及加工方法的不同，又分為白菊花、杭菊花、滁菊花。菊花之常見功效為疏散風熱，平肝明目，清熱解毒。疏散風熱多用黃菊花（杭菊花），平肝明目多用白菊花（滁菊花）。在近代的菊花現代藥理中，菊花對心血管系統有擴冠、強心作用。菊花煎劑能擴張冠脈，減輕心肌缺血狀態，也可加強心肌收縮力，減少耗氧量，亦有有解熱抗炎、鎮痛作用。

天麻研究報告

作者:

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3: Lee OH, Kim KI, Han CK, Kim YC, Hong HD. Effects of acidic polysaccharides from gastrodia rhizome on systolic blood pressure and serum lipid concentrations in spontaneously hypertensive rats fed a high-fat diet. Int J Mol Sci. 2012;13(1):698-709.

4: Shu C, Chen C, Zhang DP, Guo H, Zhou H, Zong J, Bian Z, Dong X, Dai J, Zhang Y, Tang Q. Gastrodin protects against cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2012 Jan;359(1-2):9-16.

5: Tsai CF, Huang CL, Lin YL, Lee YC, Yang YC, Huang NK. The neuroprotective effects of an extract of Gastrodia elata. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Oct 31;138(1):119-25.

6: Huang CL, Yang JM, Wang KC, Lee YC, Lin YL, Yang YC, Huang NK. Gastrodia elata prevents huntingtin aggregations through activation of the adenosine A₂A receptor and ubiquitin proteasome system. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Oct 31;138(1):162-8.

7: Kim IS, Choi DK, Jung HJ. Neuroprotective effects of vanillyl alcohol in Gastrodia elata Blume through suppression of oxidative stress and anti-apoptotic activity in toxin-induced dopaminergic MN9D cells. Molecules. 2011 Jun 24;16(7):5349-61.

8: Chen PJ, Liang KC, Lin HC, Hsieh CL, Su KP, Hung MC, Sheen LY. Gastrodia elata Bl. Attenuated learning deficits induced by forced-swimming stress in the inhibitory avoidance task and Morris water maze. J Med Food. 2011 Jun;14(6):610-7.

9: Shin EJ, Kim JM, Nguyen XK, Nguyen TT, Lee SY, Jung JH, Kim MJ, Whang WK, Yamada K, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Effects of gastrodia elata bl on phencyclidine-induced schizophrenia-like psychosis in mice. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2011 Mar;9(1):247-50.

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11: Shin EJ, Bach JH, Nguyen TT, Jung BD, Oh KW, Kim MJ, Jang CG, Ali SF, Ko SK, Yang CH, Kim HC. Gastrodia Elata Bl Attenuates Cocaine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference and Convulsion, but not Behavioral Sensitization in Mice: Importance of GABA(A) Receptors. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2011 Mar;9(1):26-9.

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14: Teong IW, Ko AA, Li M, Heese K, Liang W. Gastrodia elata decreases isoprenaline potency and enhances spontaneous phasic activity in the rat detrusor. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol. 2011;3(1):29-37..

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16: Tong XK, Qiu H, Zhang X, Shi LP, Wang GF, Ji FH, Ding HY, Tang W, Ding K, Zuo JP. WSS45, a sulfated alpha-D-glucan, strongly interferes with Dengue 2 virus infection in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2010 May;31(5):585-92.

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26: Shuchang H, Qiao N, Piye N, Mingwei H, Xiaoshu S, Feng S, Sheng W, Opler M. Protective effects of gastrodia elata on aluminium-chloride-induced learning impairments and alterations of amino acid neurotransmitter release in adult rats. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2008;26(6):467-73.

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紅景天

作者:

紅景天為景天科植物大花紅景天(Rhodiola crenulata)的乾燥根和根莖，大多分佈在北半球的高寒地帶，多數都生長在海拔3500～5000米左右的高山流石或灌木器叢林下。一般所知功效有益氣活血，通脈平喘。在紅景天現代藥理學中，紅景天有抗缺氧、抗疲勞、抗輻射作用、延緩衰老以及鎮痛作用。《神農本草經》、《四部醫典》、《晶珠本草》、《中藥大辭典》以及《西藏常用中草藥對於紅景天的功效亦有詳細解說。